Down-regulation of XBP1s alleviates the senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation through Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) in the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Methods Primary renal tubular epithelial cells were divided into the normal control group (NC group), H/R group, empty adenovirus negative control group (Ad-shNC group), targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus group (Ad-shXBP1s group), empty adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shNC+H/R group) and targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shXBP1s +H/R group), respectively. The expression levels of XBP1s in the NC, H/R, Ad-shNC and Ad-shXBP1s groups were measured. The number of cells stained with β-galactosidase, the expression levels of cell aging markers including p53, p21 and γH2AX, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the Ad-shNC, Ad-shNC+H/R and Ad-shXBP1s+H/R groups. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was employed to verify Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) of XBP1s transcription regulation, and the expression levels of Sirt3 and downstream SOD2 after down-regulation of XBP1s were detected. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the NC group, the expression level of XBP1s was up-regulated in the H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the expression level of XBP1s was down-regulated in the Ad-shXBP1s group (both P<0.001). Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was increased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were up-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were increased, the SOD activity was decreased, the expression level of Sirt3 was down-regulated, and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was increased in the Ad-shNC+H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC+H/R group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was decreased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were down-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were decreased, the SOD activity was increased, the expression level of Sirt3 was up-regulated and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was decreased in the Ad-shXBP1s+H/R group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Down-regulation of XBP1s may ameliorate the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by H/R, which probably plays a role through the Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway.

Impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension is consistently related to the development of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress has been associated with mechanisms of hypertension which could be nullified by antioxidants such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (i) To estimate the impact of antioxidant therapy on antioxidant capacity in hypertensive patients; (ii) to measure serum levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hypertensive patients before and after giving them antioxidant therapy for 45 days. Materials and Methods: Thirty randomly selected hypertensive patients were given Supradyn tablet once a day for 45 days. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), SOD, GR, GPx, and reduced Glutathione assays were measured before and after the intervention therapy. Results: Total antioxidant capacity as measured by serum FRAP in hypertensive patients before and after the therapy was increased significantly from 578.8 ± 60.85 to 592.1 ± 59.66 (?mol/L), respectively. The levels of SOD, GPx, GR, and Glutathione in hypertensive patients before giving antioxidant therapy were 1.6 ± 0.49 U/ml, 184.6 ± 17.1 ?mol/L/min, 8.96 ± 1.15 ?mol/L/min, and 8.03 ± 0.96 ?mol/g of Hb, respectively. The same after giving them antioxidant therapy were 1.7 ± 0.46 U/ml, 182.4 ± 15.98 ?mol/L/min, 8.83 ± 1.11 ?mol/L/min, and 7.83 ± 0.94 ?mol/g of Hb, respectively. The levels of GPx, GR, and Glutathione were significantly decreased after giving antioxidant therapy for 45 days while SOD level did not change significantly. Conclusion: Antioxidant therapies for 45 days led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity as shown by plasma FRAP levels and a significant decrease in serum levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as GPx, GR and Glutathione in hypertensive patients. However, serum levels of SOD did not show a significant change.

Protective effect of loboob (a Persian traditional remedy) on sexual hormones, antioxidant activities and stereological changes of testis tissue on busulfan induced oligospermia in rats

Loboob as a traditional drug in Iranis known for its beneficial effects on busulfan-induced oligospermia. In this experimental study, protective effects of loboob (a Persian traditional remedy) on sexual hormones, antioxidant levels and stereological changes of testis tissue were evaluated in an oligospermia rat model induced by busulfan. Fifty male rats were randomly divided into five different groups: control, received no treatments; and the other groups administrated with a single dose of busulfan (10 mg/kg body weight). After 30 days, these groups were treated with 0, 35, 70 or 140 mg/kg/day of loboob for 60 days. Blood samples were collected for hormone and antioxidant enzyme assays. Unbiased stereology was performed on testis tissues to evaluate the volume of different parts of the testis and the number of various testis cells. Data indicated that FSH, LH and MDA were increased, and testosterone, catalase, SOD were decreased in the busulfan group, while treatment with loboob at 70 and 140 mg/kg significantly improved these parameters (P <0.05). Treatment with 70 and 140 mg/kg of loboob ameliorated the germinal epithelium volume, types A and B spermatogonia, spermatocytes, elongated and round spermatids, and Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules (P <0.05). High concentration of loboob also improved testis weight and volume, and leydig cell number (P <0.05). Thus, loboob is more effective for the recovery of seminiferous tubules and their cells than for the interstitial tissue. Loboob with various antioxidants, minerals and vitamins could overcome the side effects of busulfan.

The Neuroprotective Effects of Ginsenoside Rd Pretreatment in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

ABSTRACT Introduction: Paraplegia may develop as a result of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who underwent thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. The objective of this research is to determine the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd pretreatment in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were randomly assigned to three groups. The sham (n=12) and control (n=12) groups received normal saline orally. The Rd group (n=12) received ginsenoside Rd (100 mg/kg) orally 48 hours before the induction of spinal cord ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion using a Fogarty balloon catheter in the Rd and control groups. A neurological assessment according to the motor deficit index and a histological evaluation of the spinal cord were performed. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginsenoside Rd, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Further, the tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta were measured. Results: The Rd group showed significantly lower motor deficit index scores than did the control group throughout the entire experimental period (P<0.001). The Rd group demonstrated significantly greater numbers of normal motor neurons than did the control group (P=0.039). The Rd group exhibited decreased malondialdehyde levels (P<0.001) and increased superoxide dismutase activity (P=0.029) compared to the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta tissue levels were significantly decreased in the Rd group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rd pretreatment may be a promising treatment to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who undergo thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.

The evaluation of superoxide dismutase 1 gene insertion/deletion variant in athletes

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Regular exercise benefits health by increasing the body's antioxidant defenses. However, excessive exercise can produce excessive reactive oxygen species, which can lead to oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase is the primary enzyme involved in the elimination of reactive oxygen species. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the SOD1 gene insertion/deletion variant and elite athletes. METHODS: A total of 305 subjects, including 165 elite athletes from different branches and 140 sedentary individuals, participated in this study. The SOD1 insertion/deletion variant was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. The results were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: There was no statistical significance between the athletes and control groups in terms of SOD1 insertion/deletion genotype distribution and allele frequency. Then, we evaluated the groups as females and males. There were no female athletes carrying the D/D genotype. The SOD1 I/I genotype and the I allele were more prevalent in female athletes than in the control group. There was a significant difference in terms of SOD1 I/I: I/D+D/D in females (p=0.028). SOD1 genotype and allele distribution did not differ between male athletes and male controls. CONCLUSION: As far as we know, this is the first study to evaluate the SOD1 insertion/deletion variant in athletes in Turkey. Our results showed that the SOD1 I allele was more common in female athletes, but not in male athletes.

Use of antioxidants and time of cold storage: effects over viability parameters and enzymatic levels in semen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) / Uso de antioxidantes e tempo de armazenamento a frio: efeitos sobre parâmetros de viabilidade e níveis enzimáticos no sêmen da truta arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)

Abstract The cold storage of milt implies potentials alterations in its quality because the storage generates as main process, free radicals that produce spermatozoa membrane lipids damage with the consequent motility and fertilising capacity disruptions. To decrease the damage generated by free radicals the cells have antioxidant defences (proteins, enzymes, and low molecular weight substances). The objective of the present study evaluated the time storage effect and different antioxidants prepared in spermatic diluents on sperm viability of O. mykiss milt stored at 4°C. The two-way ANOVA denoted that the time storage and antioxidant influence have significant effects separated or combined on viability parameters (sperm motility and viability, proteins concentrations and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma). In contrast, only the storage time affected the fertilising capacity and catalase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma. The resulting analysis can conclude that the antioxidant presence improves the viability of cold stored milt, especially the transport conditions and the antioxidants allow the fecundity despite motility decrease.

Resumo O armazenamento a frio de leite implica potenciais alterações em sua qualidade, pois gera como processo principal radicais livres que provocam danos aos lipídios da membrana dos espermatozoides, com as consequentes alterações na motilidade e na capacidade de fertilização. Para diminuir os danos causados pelos radicais livres, as células têm defesas antioxidantes (proteínas, enzimas e substâncias de baixo peso molecular). O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do tempo de armazenamento e diferentes antioxidantes preparados em diluentes espermáticos no armazenamento de viabilidade de O. mykiss milt a 4°C. A ANOVA de duas vias denotou que o armazenamento no tempo e a influência antioxidante têm efeitos significativos separados ou combinados nos parâmetros de viabilidade (motilidade espermática, viabilidade espermática, concentrações de proteínas e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase no plasma seminal), enquanto apenas o tempo de armazenamento afetou a capacidade de fertilização e atividade enzimática da catalase no plasma seminal. A análise resultante pode concluir que a presença de antioxidante melhora a viabilidade do leite frio, especialmente as condições de transporte, e os antioxidantes permitem a fecundidade apesar da diminuição da motilidade.

Effects of neuroendoscopic hematoma removal versus soft channel drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of neuroendoscopic hematoma removal versus soft channel drainage in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Methods:The clinical data of 102 patients with chronic subdural hematoma who received treatment in Jincheng People's Hospital from May 2018 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into the neuroendoscopy group ( n = 50) and the soft channel group ( n = 52) according to different surgical methods. Perioperative indexes, hematoma clearance rate, China Stroke Scale score, the activity of daily living score, and oxidative stress indexes were compared between the two groups. All patients were followed up for 3 months. The incidence of complications during the follow-up period was calculated. Results:The retention time of the drainage tube in the neuroendoscopy group was shorter than that in the soft channel group [(2.45 ± 0.63) days vs. (3.30 ± 0.78) days, t = 6.06, P < 0.001]. The length of hospital stay in the neuroendoscopy group was shorter than that in the soft channel group [(7.14 ± 1.65) days vs. (9.07 ± 2.11) days, t = 5.15, P < 0.001]. The hematoma clearance rate at postoperative 7 days in the neuroendoscopy group was higher than that in the soft channel group [(93.45 ± 5.50)% vs. (81.86 ± 7.24)%, χ2 = 9.12, P < 0.001]. There were no significant differences in operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (both P > 0.05). At postoperative 30 days, the China Stroke Scale score in the neuroendoscopy group was lower than that in the soft channel group [(12.74 ± 2.23) points vs. (18.67 ± 2.45) points, t = 12.79, P < 0.001]. The activity of daily life score in the neuroendoscopy group was significantly higher than that in the soft channel group [(77.69 ± 7.11) points vs. (91.35 ± 7.25) points, t = 9.60, P < 0.001]. At postoperative 7 days, glutathione peroxidase level in the neuroendoscopy group was significantly lower than that in the soft channel group [(130.75 ± 13.66) U/L vs. (148.60 ± 14.64) U/L, t = 6.37, P < 0.001]. Malondialdehyde level in the neuroendoscopy group was significantly lower than that in the soft channel group [(5.11 ± 0.65) nmol/L vs. (6.19 ± 0.74) nmol/L, t = 7.83, P < 0.001]. Superoxide dismutase level in the neuroendoscopy group was significantly higher than that in the soft channel group [(275.60 ± 22.33) U/L vs. (254.60 ± 18.55) U/L, t = 5.15, P < 0.001]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Compared with soft channel drainage, neuroendoscopic hematoma removal can obtain better short-term curative effects and less oxidative stress response in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Neuroendoscopic hematoma removal does not increase the incidence of postoperative complications and is highly safe.

Regulatory effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on oxidative stress and peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on oxidative stress and peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods:A total of 102 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis who received treatment in the Marine Police Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police, China from March 2020 to June 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo treatment with either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( n = 51, observation group) or entecavir ( n = 51, control group) for 42 weeks. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), T helper 17 cells (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg), Th17/Treg ratio, hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), type III procollagen (PC III), type IV collagen (IV-C), hepatitis B virus DNA negative rate, HBeAg negative rate, and alanine aminotransferase normalization rate pre- and post-treatment as well as the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Before treatment, there were no significant differences in SOD, MDA, NO, Th17, Treg, Th17/Treg ratio, HA, LN, PC III, IV-C between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, SOD and Treg in the observation group were (121.52 ± 23.52) U/L and (3.51 ± 0.70)% in the observation group, respectively, which were significantly higher than (113.30 ± 20.05) U/L and (3.14 ± 0.49)%, respectively in the control group ( t = 1.90, -4.14, both P < 0.05). MDA, NO and Th17, Th17/Treg ratio, HA, LN, PC III, and IV-C in the observation group were (7.40 ± 1.35) mmol/L, (22.56 ± 4.25) μmol/L, (1.29 ± 0.46)%, (0.45 ± 0.11), (212.52 ± 16.62) μg/L, (135.52 ± 14.02) μg/L, (132.52 ± 15.62) μg/L,(96.52 ± 10.02) μg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower compared with the control group ( t = -6.81, 4.02, 3.10, -8.46, -13.27, -15.23, -13.67, -17.38, all P < 0.05). Hepatitis B virus DNA negative rate, HBeAg negative rate, and alanine aminotransferase normalization rate in the observation group were 76.47% (39/51), 68.63% (35/51) and 74.51% (38/51), respectively, which were higher than 56.86% (29/51), 41.18% (21/51), 54.90% (28/51) in the control group ( χ2 = 4.41, 7.76, 4.29, all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is highly effective on hepatitis B cirrhosis. It can reduce oxidative stress and regulate peripheral blood Th17/Treg balance.

Comparison of corneal biomechanics and levels of serum Leptin and extracellular superoxide dismutase in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To explore the differences of corneal biomechanical parameters, serum Leptin and extracellular superoxide dismutase(ecSOD)levels in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)or proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).METHODS: This article is a prospective study. A total of 118 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and diabetic retinopathy(DR)who were admitted to our hospital from May 2020 to May 2022 were selected, and they were divided into NPDR group(n=57)and PDR group(n=61)according to the degree of lesion. Another 54 patients with T2DM but no retinopathy and 52 healthy individuals were set as NDR group and control group. Then the differences in the corneal biomechanics measured with [central corneal thickness(CCT), intraocular pressure(IOP), spherical equivalent(SE), the first applanation time(A1T), the first applanation length(A1L), deformation amplitude(DA)] and serum Leptin and ecSOD levels were analyzed, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the high-risk factors affecting the occurrence of PDR.RESULTS: The CCT, IOP and A1T in PDR and NPDR groups were higher than those in control and NDR groups, and DA was lower than those in control and NDR groups(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), and the CCT, IOP and A1T in the PDR group were higher than those in the NPDR group(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). The levels of serum Leptin and ecSOD in PDR group, NPDR group and NDR group were higher than those in the control group(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). The course of DM, CCT, IOP, A1T, and serum Leptin and ecSOD levels between NPDR group and PDR group were statistically significant(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis denoted that DM course, CCT, IOP, A1T, Leptin, and ecSOD are risk factors that affect the occurrence of PDR, while DA is a protective factor that affects the occurrence of PDR(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). CONCLUSION: CCT, IOP and levels of serum Leptin and ecSOD in PDR patients were significantly increased compared to those in the NPDR patients, while DA was significantly reduced. Furthermore, CCT, IOP, A1T and levels of serum Leptin and ecSOD were risk factors affecting the occurrence of PDR, while DA was a protective factor affecting the occurrence of the PDR.

Use of antioxidants and time of cold storage: effects over viability parameters and enzymatic levels in semen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) / Uso de antioxidantes e tempo de armazenamento a frio: efeitos sobre parâmetros de viabilidade e níveis enzimáticos no sêmen da truta arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)

The cold storage of milt implies potentials alterations in its quality because the storage generates as main process, free radicals that produce spermatozoa membrane lipids damage with the consequent motility and fertilising capacity disruptions. To decrease the damage generated by free radicals the cells have antioxidant defences (proteins, enzymes, and low molecular weight substances). The objective of the present study evaluated the time storage effect and different antioxidants prepared in spermatic diluents on sperm viability of O. mykiss milt stored at 4°C. The two-way ANOVA denoted that the time storage and antioxidant influence have significant effects separated or combined on viability parameters (sperm motility and viability, proteins concentrations and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma). In contrast, only the storage time affected the fertilising capacity and catalase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma. The resulting analysis can conclude that the antioxidant presence improves the viability of cold stored milt, especially the transport conditions and the antioxidants allow the fecundity despite motility decrease.

O armazenamento a frio de leite implica potenciais alterações em sua qualidade, pois gera como processo principal radicais livres que provocam danos aos lipídios da membrana dos espermatozoides, com as consequentes alterações na motilidade e na capacidade de fertilização. Para diminuir os danos causados pelos radicais livres, as células têm defesas antioxidantes (proteínas, enzimas e substâncias de baixo peso molecular). O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do tempo de armazenamento e diferentes antioxidantes preparados em diluentes espermáticos no armazenamento de viabilidade de O. mykiss milt a 4°C. A ANOVA de duas vias denotou que o armazenamento no tempo e a influência antioxidante têm efeitos significativos separados ou combinados nos parâmetros de viabilidade (motilidade espermática, viabilidade espermática, concentrações de proteínas e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase no plasma seminal), enquanto apenas o tempo de armazenamento afetou a capacidade de fertilização e atividade enzimática da catalase no plasma seminal. A análise resultante pode concluir que a presença de antioxidante melhora a viabilidade do leite frio, especialmente as condições de transporte, e os antioxidantes permitem a fecundidade apesar da diminuição da motilidade.

Use of antioxidants and time of cold storage: effects over viability parameters and enzymatic levels in semen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)

Abstract The cold storage of milt implies potentials alterations in its quality because the storage generates as main process, free radicals that produce spermatozoa membrane lipids damage with the consequent motility and fertilising capacity disruptions. To decrease the damage generated by free radicals the cells have antioxidant defences (proteins, enzymes, and low molecular weight substances). The objective of the present study evaluated the time storage effect and different antioxidants prepared in spermatic diluents on sperm viability of O. mykiss milt stored at 4°C. The two-way ANOVA denoted that the time storage and antioxidant influence have significant effects separated or combined on viability parameters (sperm motility and viability, proteins concentrations and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma). In contrast, only the storage time affected the fertilising capacity and catalase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma. The resulting analysis can conclude that the antioxidant presence improves the viability of cold stored milt, especially the transport conditions and the antioxidants allow the fecundity despite motility decrease.

Resumo O armazenamento a frio de leite implica potenciais alterações em sua qualidade, pois gera como processo principal radicais livres que provocam danos aos lipídios da membrana dos espermatozoides, com as consequentes alterações na motilidade e na capacidade de fertilização. Para diminuir os danos causados pelos radicais livres, as células têm defesas antioxidantes (proteínas, enzimas e substâncias de baixo peso molecular). O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do tempo de armazenamento e diferentes antioxidantes preparados em diluentes espermáticos no armazenamento de viabilidade de O. mykiss milt a 4°C. A ANOVA de duas vias denotou que o armazenamento no tempo e a influência antioxidante têm efeitos significativos separados ou combinados nos parâmetros de viabilidade (motilidade espermática, viabilidade espermática, concentrações de proteínas e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase no plasma seminal), enquanto apenas o tempo de armazenamento afetou a capacidade de fertilização e atividade enzimática da catalase no plasma seminal. A análise resultante pode concluir que a presença de antioxidante melhora a viabilidade do leite frio, especialmente as condições de transporte, e os antioxidantes permitem a fecundidade apesar da diminuição da motilidade.

Role of Oxidative Stress in Ulcerative Colitis and Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a commonly seen digestive system disease with unclear pathogenesis. The condition is complex and variable， often chronic， and has a long treatment period with no specific cure. Currently， the treatment of UC often involves the use of corticosteroids， aminosalicylates， and biologics in western medicine， which provide fast-acting and definite efficacy in the short term. However， with prolonged medication， some patients may develop drug resistance and worsening of the disease， leading to the occurrence of colon cancer. Research has found that oxidative stress is one of the important pathogenic factors in UC and influences its onset and development. Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between oxidative products and the antioxidant system in the body， characterized by overexpression of oxidative products such as malondialdehyde （MDA）， reactive oxygen species （ROS）， nitric oxide （NO）， or deficiency of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， and glutathione （GSH）. It is worth noting that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， as a unique characteristic medicine of China， has achieved significant efficacy in the treatment of UC. Studies have shown that TCM effectively inhibits the occurrence of UC by suppressing the accumulation of metabolites and antagonizes the development of UC by enhancing the antioxidant system. Therefore， using TCM to regulate the oxidative balance as a diagnostic and therapeutic approach may be a new method and direction for the treatment of UC in the future. Based on the above research， this article summarized the mechanisms of key pathogenic proteins in oxidative stress and the occurrence and development of UC， and compiled the effective ingredients of Chinese medicine， single drugs， prescriptions， and acupuncture and moxibustion in regulating upstream and downstream target proteins of oxidative stress. These interventions can reduce pathological damage to the intestinal mucosa， lower the colon injury index， enrich the intestinal microbiota， increase colon length， and improve clinical symptoms of UC. The article is expected to expand the application of TCM in the treatment of UC and provide a reliable scientific theoretical basis.

Research progress on the role of superoxide dismutase in diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness in working-age people, which is the most common microvascular disease among diabetes complications.Hyperglycemia state can result in the aggravation of oxidative stress, release a large number of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and cause damage to protein, DNA or RNA in tissues and cells, thus causing cell death. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the important factors for the occurrence and development of DR. Antioxidant defense system is the key component of maintaining redox homeostasis. Superoxide dismutase(SOD)is a major antioxidant enzyme, which maintains the first line of defense in the antioxidant enzyme library. There are three kinds of SOD isozymes in mammals, which mainly protect cells from superoxide damage by accelerating the mutation reaction of SOD. It may delay the occurrence and development of DR by regulating the level of antioxidant enzyme SOD. Currently, the pathogenesis of DR remains unclear. In this paper, the protective effect of antioxidant enzyme SOD on pericytes and ganglion cells in DR was reviewed.

Anti-cisplatin-induced Renal-injury Effect of Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase with Leader Peptide / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate the effect of the fusion of leader peptide on the structure of human manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and anti-cisplatin (DDP)-induced renal injury. Methods The effect of mitochondrion targeting sequence (MTS) on the structure and activity of SOD2 was analyzed by structure prediction and superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific-activity determination. The DDP injury model of Kunming (KM) mice was established, and amifostine (AMFT) was set as a positive control. Indicators such as kidney index, renal function, kidney antioxidant capacity, and appearance and pathology changes of mice kidney were used to evaluate the effect of MTS-SOD2 against DDP-induced kidney injury. Results The MTS leader peptide seemed to change the secondary and tertiary structures of SOD2 to some extent, but it also increased the specific activity of the MTS-SOD2 protein. Pre-administration of a medium dose of MTS-SOD2 (0.84 mg/kg) before the use of DDP significantly reduced the level of renal malondialdehyde and increased the SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the kidney, thereby reducing the renal pathological damage and consequently maintaining renal function. The overall protective effect of MTS-SOD2 was comparable to or even better than that of 200 mg/kg AMFT. Conclusion The MTS leader peptide enhances the activity of SOD2 and confers it with an excellent anti-DDP-induced renal-injury effect because of its transmembrane function.

Cloning and expression analysis of superoxide dismutase SmMSD2 gene from Salvia miltiorrhiza / 药学学报

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme that scavenge superoxide anion free radical (O2·-) in vivo, and plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress. In this study, according to the genome and transcriptome data of Salvia miltiorrhizae, 9 SOD genes were identified and the expression patterns of SOD family genes were further analyzed, including 5 Cu/Zn-SOD, 2 Fe-SOD and 2 Mn-SOD. On the basis of proteomic analysis, combined with transcriptome data, one full-length cDNA of Mn-SOD gene, namely SmMSD2 was cloned from Salvia miltiorrhizae. The results of amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that SmMSD2 protein belongs to the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) subfamily, and SmMSD2 protein shares high sequence identity with the Mn-SOD proteins of various plants that all contain a C-terminal conserved metal-binding domain "DVWEHAYY". The prokaryotic expression vector pMAL-c2X-SmMSD2 was constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 expressing strain, and the target recombinant protein was successfully induced and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that SmMSD2 gene was expressed in all tissues, indicating that SmMSD2 gene was constitutively expressed at a stable level. Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that drought (15% PEG6000), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) could induce the expression of SmMSD2 gene, suggesting that SmMSD2 may be involved in the response of Salvia miltiorrhizae to abiotic stress such as drought, as well as the signaling pathways of phytohormone ABA and IAA. These results lay the foundation for further elucidating the involvement of superoxide dismutase in the stress response and accumulation of active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

In vivo antioxidant activity of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei cv. 'Brightwell') anthocyanin extracts / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Blueberries are rich in phenolic compounds including anthocyanins which are closely related to biological health functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of blueberry anthocyanins extracted from 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberries in mice. After one week of adaptation, C57BL/6J healthy male mice were divided into different groups that were administered with 100, 400, or 800 mg/kg blueberry anthocyanin extract (BAE), and sacrificed at different time points (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 h). The plasma, eyeball, intestine, liver, and adipose tissues were collected to compare their antioxidant activity, including total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-PX/GPX) content, and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The results showed that blueberry anthocyanins had positive concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vivo. The greater the concentration of BAE, the higher the T-AOC value, but the lower the MDA level. The enzyme activity of SOD, the content of GSH-PX, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and GPX all confirmed that BAE played an antioxidant role after digestion in mice by improving their antioxidant defense. The in vivo antioxidant activity of BAE indicated that blueberry anthocyanins could be developed into functional foods or nutraceuticals with the aim of preventing or treating oxidative stress-related diseases.

Measurement of superoxide dismutase: clinical usefulness for patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Abstract Objective To investigate the clinical usefulness of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurement in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Methods In this single-center retrospective study, demographic data, serum SOD levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), ANCA, organ involvement, and outcomes were analyzed for 152 AAV patients hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Meanwhile, the serum SOD levels of 150 healthy people were collected as the control group. Results Compared to the healthy control group, serum SOD levels of the AAV group were significantly lower (P < 0.001). SOD levels of AAV patients were negatively correlated to ESR, CRP, and BVAS (ESR rho = − 0.367, P < 0.001; CRP rho = − 0.590, P < 0.001; BVAS rho = − 0.488, P < 0.001). SOD levels for the MPO-ANCA group were significantly lower than the PR3-ANCA group (P = 0.045). SOD levels for the pulmonary involvement group and the renal involvement group were significantly lower than those for the non-pulmonary involvement group and the non-renal involvement group (P = 0.006; P < 0.001, respectively). SOD levels in the death group were significantly lower than the survival group (P = 0.001). Conclusions In AAV patients, low SOD levels might indicate disease associated oxidative stress. SOD levels in AAV patients were decreased with inflammation, suggesting that SOD levels could potentially be a surrogate marker for disease activity. SOD levels in AAV patients were closely related to ANCA serology, pulmonary involvement, and renal involvement, with low SOD levels an important indicator of a poor prognosis for AAV patients.

Does Antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase levels Decline with Advanced primary Knee Osteoarthritis in Synovial Fluid ? A Pilot Study

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenera?ve disease that leads to joint pain, tenderness, s?ffness, locking, effusion, reduced mo?on, swelling, crepitus, and disability. The pain in OA is the most significant clinical feature and impacts func?on, mobility, quality of life, and the reason for medical advice. Methods: Fi?y individuals with primary knee OA in the age range of 45–90 years were chosen at random for the research (N=50). The American College of Rheumatology’s diagnos?c criteria were employed to diagnose osteoarthri?s, and a visual analogue scale was u?lized to score the severity of pain. Knee OA was graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiographic assessment method. The an?oxidant levels of superoxide dismutase in the synovial fluid were measured by using a spectrophotometric assay. Results: Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 have SOD ac?vity values of 1.43±0.55, 1.44±0.72, 0.92±0.52, and 0.87 ±0.52 U/ml, respec?vely, in synovial fluid. Synovial fluid SOD ac?vity was higher in grades 1 & 2 of KOA as compared to grades 3 &4 and the difference was sta?s?cally significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: There was a link between K-L grade and synovial an?oxidant ac?vity level. In the late stages of knee osteoarthri?s, the an?oxidant enzyme (SOD) ac?vity was reduced.According to the results of this study, regular an?oxidant supplementa?on to early osteoarthri?s pa?ents may delay disease progression by improving the an?oxidant status of the knee, which neutralises free radicals and thus prevents car?lage damage.

Cardioprotective Effect of Cilostazol on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model

Abstract Introduction: To clarify the potential protective role of cilostazol on rat myocardial cells with ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) models. Methods: The study was conducted with three groups of 10 Wistar rats (control group, rats without any coronary ischemia; sham group, rats with coronary ischemia but without cilostazol administration; and cilostazol group, rats with coronary ischemia and cilostazol administration). The level of myocardial injuries was measured by analyzing cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase MB levels in blood samples. In tissue samples, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde were used to determine the amount of tissue damage. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin method, and samples were examined under light microscope. Results: The mean level of ATP was 104.4 in the cilostazol group and 149.1 in the sham group (P=0.044). SOD level was significantly higher in the cilostazol group than in the sham group (2075.3 vs. 1783.7, P=0.043). According to histopathological examination, all samples were classified as G0 in the control group. In the sham group, one sample was categorized as G1, six samples as G2, and three samples as G3. In the cilostazol group, nine samples and one sample were categorized as G1 and G2, respectively (P=0.011). Conclusion: Cilostazol has beneficial effects on Wistar rats' myocardial cells in regard to decreasing inflammatory process, necrosis, and fibrosis. Our findings revealed that the use of cilostazol significantly decreased ATP and increased SOD levels in Wistar rats' myocardial cells after IRI.

Association of Serum 8-isoprostaglandin F2? Levels with Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Senile Cataract

Background : Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) plays a major initiative factor of cataractogenesis in both age-related or senile cataract and Diabetic cataract. Recently, 8-isoprostaglandin F2? (8-iso-PGF2?) is a reliable biomarker of in-vivo LPO and used as potential indicator of oxidative stress. However, serum 8-iso-PGF2? concentration and its association with glycemic control (HbA1c) in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract subjects are still unknown. Objectives : The present study was designed to estimate 8-iso-PGF2? and antioxidant enzymes levels in serum of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with senile cataract compared to healthy individuals without cataract as control. To assess the magnitude of the association between 8-iso-PGF2? and glycemic status in diabetic cataract. Materials and Methods : 60 Diabetic Senile Cataracts (DSC) and 60 healthy individuals without cataract in the age group between 45-75 years of both genders. 8-iso-PGF2?, Superoxide Dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD3) and Catalase (CAT) concentration were estimated in serum by ELISA method. Results : The mean concentration of 8-iso-PGF2? was significantly increased (541.6±142.7 pg/ml, p<0.001) and mean concentration of SOD3 (102.1±32.8 ng/ml, p=0.007) and Catalase (1005±274.5 IU/ml, p<0.001) were significantly decreased in serum of diabetic senile cataract when compared to healthy individuals without cataract (control). A negative correlation between serum 8-iso-PGF2? and SOD3 and positive correlation between serum 8- iso-PGF2? and fasting blood glucose were observed in Diabetic Senile Cataracts. Conclusion : The present findings indicate that increased 8-iso-PGF2? is associated with oxidative stress which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cataract in diabetic patients